Everything about 1905 Law On Secularity totally explained
The
1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and State (
French:
Loi du 9 décembre 1905 concernant la séparation des Églises et de l'État) was passed by the
Chamber of Deputies on
9 December,
1905. Enacted during the
Third Republic, it established
state secularism in
France. France was then governed by the
Bloc des gauches (Left Coalition) led by
Emile Combes.
The
law was based on three principles: the neutrality of the state, the
freedom of religious exercise, and public powers related to the church. This law is seen as the backbone of the French principle of
laïcité. The law famously states "The Republic neither recognizes, nor salaries, nor subsidizes any religion".
History
Although officially established through the 1905 law, the concept of state secularism in France is often traced to the
French Revolution beginning in 1789. Before that time,
Roman Catholicism had been the state religion of France. However, the revolution led to various changes, including a brief separation of Church and State in 1795, ended by
Napoleon's establishment of the Church of France with the
Concordat of 1801. An important document in the evolution toward religious liberty was the 1789
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, stating that...
Nevertheless, the French state continued to fund four official religions into the 20th century: Roman Catholicism, Calvinist and Lutheran Protestantism, and Judaism. It built churches, temples, synagogues and other religious buildings from taxes levied on the whole population (not just those affiliated with those religions).
The 1871 Paris Commune had proclaimed state secularism on April 3, 1871, but it had been cancelled following its defeat.
After the May 16, 1877 crisis and the victory of the Republicans at the following elections, various draft laws requesting the suppression of the Concordat of 1801 were deposed, starting with Charles Boysset's July 31, 1879 proposition Thereafter, the Third Republic established secular education with the Jules Ferry laws in 1881-82, which were one of the first base of the firm establishment of the Republican regime in France. In 1886, another law insured secularisation of the teaching staff of the National Education
The 1905 law, however, is often considered politically untouchable. Rivals of Sarkozy, such as Jacques Chirac and Dominique de Villepin made a point that no change was foreseen to the law.
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